我曾见证过中国大陆改革开放以来的中学教育,现在通过女儿在美国加州五年多的学习也见识了美国中学的教育,感触良多。
首先,我觉得,一个国家的教育水平优劣是这个国家制度所决定的。教育思想代表了这个国家整个社会的综合价值观。 同时,教育的实施也需要国家法制制度的保障和完善。作为世界上优秀的自由民主,法制的超级大国,美国的教育确实具有许多其国家制度的优越性,而这种优越性主要体现在它能够做到民主与法制的优化结合。在美国社会,青少年的教育是有严格的法律规范保障,是在良好的信用体系和文化习惯的氛围下进行的。它并不单靠学校完成,也不单靠家长、政府、社会包括社区,团体,教会等等不同程度的参与,更有社会法制制度的保障。学生入学前,家长或监护人必须做很多paper work ( 法律手续文件),签署一系列国家法律要求的,诸如家庭状况、学校纪律,课程安排,联系信息及学生保险等等的文件,不厌其烦地明确教学双方的权利和责任。这些文件好像很琐碎,可它们对日后的操作绝对有必要。美国十二年义务教育是实实在在的。公立学校里,学生免费就学,除了一点点零碎的郊游等杂费外,家长基本没有负担。美国社会对低收入家庭呵护有加。低收入家庭学生还可享受 如午餐及一些交通或报考费用的免除和优惠等等待遇。然而,社会成员对合理使用纳税人的钱财同样具有义不容辞的责任。前几天,偶然从某地方电台播出的一条地方消息中听到:某母亲因为纵容其子逃学近百天触犯法律被捕。 法制社会公民的权利和义务就是这么明确的。
在这多元化的社会里,美国中学生同样享受着公民的自由权利。学校没有校服,学生们可以按各自的喜好着装打扮。由于文化差异,许多我们中国人看不惯的模样,这里司空见惯,也很自然。在法制的规范下,老师对学生绝对不能用吆喝的训导方式,只能耐心诱导。强调要完成作业,可你不做也不会拿你怎么办。由于社会民主,教学方式当然也民主。然而,这并不是“放羊式”的教育。学生在享受民主权利的同时,也要接受法制的管理。学校也有很多纪律(跟家长的合约上明文规定)要遵守,违者同样要受到惩处。学校有停课,隔禁等规范管理方法 ,教育系统有青少年法庭等机构来处置违纪甚至违法的学生。
美国这个法制的社会一个最大的特点就是它特别讲信用。 人的社会行为由很多信用制度约束,学校也是一样。 所学科目要达到学分,行为规范也要有credit . Credit 不但是约束的手段,也是鼓励人的方法。学生做附加题,做多点功课什么的都会有加分鼓励的嘉赏。初中低年级学生上课答对题,老师给颗糖果,鼓励一下。这些比死板一块,硬要学生坐直来听你的好多了。尽管世界任何地方都有犯罪的人,美国社会也不例外。只是社会的文明程度,法制程度相对较高,学校秩序比较好。
美国中学教学当然也是根据教学大纲的要求进行的。中学课本不见 Lesson One ,Two, Three,只见不同章回。老师多不照本宣科,也不一定按版本印刷次序授课,而是围绕大纲自由发挥。学生的书本非常厚,由于被要求博览群书,书包都几十斤重 。 美国中学公立学校学生使用的课本是免费的,但是学生完成课程后要把书交还给学校。一级一级地传下去,直至需要更换新版为止。学校的图书馆为教学提供许多服务,特别是语言文学的课程,学生需要阅读很多书籍,图书馆都有备供选择。在美国,学校图书馆不但是教学的服务机构, 更是一个信息中心。负责图书馆的老师并非学校老弱病残或等闲之辈,而是知识渊博,信息灵通的专业老师。
因材施教也是美国中学教育的一大特色。这里没有中国式固定建制的班,更没有“班主任”这个概念,只有科任老师。没有中国式的重点班,却有“重点”和“非重点”的课堂。学生基本按不同程度被安排到不同的班上课(程度改变互相置换)。上完一堂课,马上要奔向另一个课室去上别的课,每堂课遇到的同学不尽相同。教师除了有集体的办公室外,多数以自己任教的课室为办公点,可以按自己的风格布置。这样的设置一方面不会引起重点与非重点之争,又能因材施教。另一方面由于课程安排紧凑,课室不固定,学生联系方式不固定,来去匆匆也难让不良学生有聚众闹事的机会;教师管理分摊,自然就没有一个累死累活的班主任角色啦。这里我们不得不提其中一个非常关键的因素,那就是统考这指挥棒。例如,加州中学的统考(STAR)数学及科学有分类考,你通过几个基本的等级就行了。这样不会把学生逼到死胡同里去。
这里名利教育并不是洪水猛兽,不可触碰。我曾见到女儿在她的初中课堂上,老师列出一张当前社会职业的年薪表,让学生们选择心目中的理想职业。同时,也让学生们申报自己模拟开支。在学生们选好之后,再和他们探讨这些职业所需要的知识。对比之下,学生们开始掂量自己的能耐和努力方向了。我一个月想这样那样地花费,只有当个脑神经外科医生才能有如此收入,可要做成这个医生,不但要完成十几二十年的学业,要背一屁股的债,还要数理化像个样才行啊。我又懒得完成作业,数学老是拿个C ,不行,换点别的吧…….. 如此如此,这不是很好吗?
美国社会对人权,个人私隐尊严十分重视,学校同样。最好的例子就是处理学生成绩这个敏感私隐的方法了。成绩单由学校用邮寄的方法直接寄给家长,公布在班上的成绩也只见代码不见人名,既有排名,也不侵犯学生私隐。教师是通过与家长的私下交流(如电邮等方式)来汇报学生的情况。家长会上,家长们也是根据自己子女所就读的不同课室,按学校安排的时间互动,听取各科老师的演示和基本教况汇报。绝对听不到老师对学生的公开点名批评。
学生成绩分A、B、C、D、E、F. 每个单元出一份成绩单。学年有学业总评分(GPA),3.5分以上为良好到优秀。除了成绩单上有一句电脑机械评语外,没有老师的评语,没有操行的评分。老师对学生的评论只有在于家长的沟通(一般电脑邮件为主)或为学生写的推荐信里才能见到。
教师不可能动辄对学生实施“留堂”。即使要隔禁不良行为的学生也要按相应的校规程序办理。学校除了会在暑期开班辅导差生外,没有“补课”这个概念。那些“吃不饱”的学生,或者嫌孩子在家闷得慌要找学校的家长,可以借助社区大学或者社会商业教育机构提供的学习班,丰俭由人地各取所需。美国人工作和休息时间是很分明的。假期中,老师同学都很逍遥,各得其乐。
这里公立学校的教学设备不见得很奢华,确也应有尽有。许多老师往往用的是自己筹集的经费甚至自己出钱买的电脑。至于课室清洁卫生,除了老师要求学生离开时收拾好自己的垃圾保洁外,并不为此刻意“培养劳动意识” , 清洁工作基本是外聘雇员完成。
从高中(High School)开始,学校教导部门为每个学生指定教务人员(Counselor)负责安排指导学生的课程设计和报考工作。对高中生来说,个人的选择很多,每个学期要按需自选科目,然后由 counselor 协调。高中开设实为重点的 Honor 班,以及大学预科课程(AP ),有能力的学生可以更上一层楼。低水平的学生可也能按等级分类的班学习,以完成基本课程。更有趣的是,美国初中优秀学生可以到高中选修自己学校没能开设的高级一点的课程;高中学生可以到附近的社区大学(即大专学校)或大学修一些课,如能通过,会得到较高的学分。这样上下级学校有机结合,应因所需是很科学的。除了学分连接课程外,美国中学,大学在预揽人才和招生方面也会做许多宣传工作。每年初中,高中都会派人马到低一级学校与学生见面,作介绍和送些纪念品。各大学也各显身手,各施各法。名校也早早派人到中学宣传。加州大学每年都利用暑期选拔优秀中学生到大学校园搞封闭式科技夏令营,安排一定大学课程的讲授和实验,让学生直接体验校园生活,并使其对未来构想初具雏形。去年夏天,加州大学除了给夏令营实验项目的优秀学生发奖学金,还专门举行晚餐会邀请加州大学系统的十几位诺贝尔奖金获得者与夏令营的优秀学生参加。入场仪式模仿诺贝尔奖颁奖仪式 进行,连菜单也不例外。 昔日的获奖者和未来的获奖者共聚, 对年轻人的鼓励可想而知。
下面谈谈美国高考。 众所周知,高考是选拔高等教育人才的必然途径,美国也不例外。然而,美国高考的概念并非千军万马一次性共渡独木桥那种,而是,多种形式(SAT ,SAT 单科 和ACT ),多次进行( 可以考多次),多样选择(各人可根据不同院校专业的要求选择科目)。虽然,高考成绩是高校录取的重要依据,但是美国中学却没有安排专门为学生高考准备的课程和时间,也就是说学校根本不管高考。学校只管日常的教学以及州的基本会考和大学预科(AP)课程的会考,最多也只是安排一下高考预考(PreSAT),考题不是学校出的。平时老师也只是偶尔讲些有关SAT的考试方式和知识罢了。高考基本上是学生自己的分内事。组织高考的机构是非政府的商业教育考试机构 。 考生按自己的需要在网上报名交费,按预约时间(周日)及地点参加考试。 高考考场见不到如临大敌的保安以及严密的监控设施。当然这并不意味着放纵舞弊,而是除了许多相关纪律的约束以外,一个人的信用记录直接影响和控制着他人生的环节,容不得你胡作非为。在这样的环境下,竞争真的可以有序地进行。优秀的制度培育出优秀的文化和习惯,犯不着兴师动众。
学生要自己购买各种复习资料,自己准备。社会上也有许多协助高考的补习班或专业人士的收费指导,那只能是丰俭由人,各取所需的商业行为。学生除了备战高考,高考奋战以外,还要花费大量的时间为大学的申请做大量的工作。你可以申请多间学校(报名费各学校几十元不等),但是每间学校对你都有不同的要求,从表格的填写到作答的文章,五花八门。你申请的学校越多,你要准备的东西就越多,交的钱就越多。还有,你要做很多有关财务方面的工作,如家庭年度纳税报告,个人财务信息等等,配合大学以及各种奖助学金的申请。所有的事情都需要学生在网上及书面邮寄等形式完成。这个过程,家长除了有配合的份,根本不可能取而代之。试想一下,现在一些中国高中生的老师和家长脑袋还停留在担心孩子用电脑是为了玩游戏这份上,你怎么能想象人家靠电脑完成如此巨大的系统工程呢?
虽然说中学要培养什么样的人才, 跟各大学招生的口味要求十分有关。然而,培养德智体全面发展人才却是任何文明社会的教育标准。美国中学除了规定学生完成参与社区活动的积分外,还让学生自己组织各类团体和参加社会活动,施展个人才华,学习书本以外的知识。不少中学生都利用部分课余时间出外打工,弄点费用,见识劳动艰辛,认知社会。而大学也通过学生的各种成绩,所参加的各种活动,打工记录、大学申请论文以及老师的推荐信等等一大堆材料,足以对学生做出全面的评估和判断。
美国没有“师范”这个概念,中学教师 毕业于各种院校。他们必须具备硕士以上学位,都得通过州教师资格考试并有试教实习经验,方可执教。所以,学校见不到20 多岁的年轻教师,而都是中年以上执教者,师资水平可想而知。对教师的薪金待遇,我只有道听途说的信息而不甚了解,不便妄作评论。据我所知,美国教师职业收入属于社会中上水平。更重要的是这里没有贪污腐化的社会风气影响教师的心态。尽管美国教师有他们自己的烦恼,公立学校也会遇到财政问题而裁员或削减项目等等,社会能确保高水平的教育,教师职业相对是稳定的。
诚然,美国中学教育也有很多问题要解决。前布什政府为了督促教育的发展,颁布了“有教无类”的法案,要求公立学校要达到相应的教学水平,否则要缩减联邦经费甚至予以关闭。奥巴马政府不但继续推动“有教无类”,更制定新的法规普及学前教育。美国社会也意识到近年来,由于过分宽松的教育或者重视所谓全面发展的价值观,美国中学生的数学及自然科学的竞争力有落后于其他发展中国家特别是中国学生的趋向。另外,由于泱泱超级大国,唯英语独尊,中学外语教学自然不吃香。这样对美国将来所面对的世界挑战当然没有好处嘛。如何矫枉过正,改革发展也是美国中学教育所面临的新课题。同时,美国偌大一个社会,什么罪恶都有,学校吸烟、吸毒、酗酒、打架乃至校园枪击的个案在所难免。校园里不时也见到警车的影子。但是以我个人经验 对比和感觉来看,美国中学教育以及整个国家制度确实成熟发达。 在民主与法制 氛围下,许多事情都显得和谐通畅。大概这就是为什么美国如此强大,世人如此青睐美国教育制度的原因吧。
What Should We Do When Evaluating the Chinese Cultural Revolution
The other day , a young manager came up and showed me a book he was reading . It was a memoir of a Chinese woman , recalling her life during the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960s. Having a glance at the cover of the book displaying a Chinese girl with a red scarf on her neck , I realized I should have known what the book was about, because the author is at the same age as I and both of us experienced the same history. The young manager told me from the book he learned that during the Revolution, people ,especially those young people with sleeve emblems “ Red Guard ” or “ Little Red Guard ”( red guard of Chairman Mao Zhedong ) were crazy under the political slogan “ Break Away the Four Olds (Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas) “ , downing with those who were classified as “ Class Enemies — landlords, rich peasants , bosses, anti-revolutionists and right- wing- elements, etc, parading them through the streets and denouncing them publicly , searching their houses and confiscating their possessions, cutting their longer and narrower trousers which were regarded as in Capitalist Living Style…… That is ridiculous ! Of course , when I asked for his opinions after reading this book, the young man showed naturally his feeling of repugnance or loathing like all readers do.
Yes , it is a human catastrophe and a shame of China. It had a pernicious influence on the society of the contemporary China even in the world . But when we are learning this historical event , we should not notice just the history facts themselves or be abhorrent of people’s ridiculous behaviors. We should ask more “ Whys ” .
The Cultural Revolution happened in China had very complicated social , political, ideological and cultural background and historical factors . This event had not only relations with Chinese people’s methods of thinking deeply rooted by feudal ideas of thousands of years , but had also a great relation with theories of the international communist movement which was one of the results led by the capitalist industrialization .
As I know , nowadays, many Chinese young people learn little from this history, they cannot realize that it is the feudal thoughts that prevent us from pursuing freedom of democracy and they ignore the serious facts in which human rights are trampled by the dictatorship . But on the other hand, young people in the West are lack of knowledge or experience of socialism ,communism even capitalism itself . They just condemn the communist as an evil , but ignore the fact that there are many communist features in today’s capitalist system, too.
If we do not learn lessons from the history, we would duplicate our mistakes and tragedies would be repeated . If we consider our problems with illogical ideas or prejudices , we cannot choose a better system for ourselves. This could happen in China, but it can happen everywhere in the world, too. Some crazier behaviors would appear in other places. Many current conflicts in the world present the same universal problems . So only with an insight into all those historical causes , can we have an entire and clear understand of this historical event itself and only with this kind of understanding , can we choose better life for ourselves.
从“老子”在海外的影响谈起
来到美国,我对这里人现有的中华知识十分好奇,经常向他们发问一些咱们中国人津津乐道如“四大发明”,“孔孟之道”,“本草纲目”之类的话题。如我所料,他们大多数人对此不甚了了。可是有一位中国古人在此虽然谈不上家喻户晓,却 广为人知,他就是老子。 我问这里的人“你们认识老子些什么?” 他们中许多人都能说出《道德经》这回事。令我惊讶的是,认识老子的人居然比认识孔子的人多得多!为什么老子这位连中国人都不甚了解的古人却在美国乃至海外有这么高的声誉呢? 我们不妨从洋人所好以及文化传播方式上作点分析,也许会带来更多的启发。
2500年以来, 中国古代哲学家,思想家老子所著的《道德经》以其深邃精辟的哲理,严密辩证的逻辑一直影响着中国乃至世界。堪称是“与古希腊哲学相论的哲学高峰”。然而,同样是中华民族文化精粹的孔子的《论语》在海外的影响却没有那么大?我所遇到的许多美国人在谈起他们对中国古代文化认识的话题时,大多数人都提到老子,不管真懂还是道听途说,多少了解一些有关“WAY ”的说法。有的人甚至拿着《道德经》中的一些名句,刨根问底,想探个究竟,十分关切。而这些人除了知道孔子Confucius 的名字以外,真的对孔子思想不清不楚。
我觉得海外《道》比《论》影响大可能有两方面的原因,一是中西 文化品味差异;二是那些翻译先贤们的选择。中国人重视人与人之间的和谐关系,伦理道德。孔夫子倡导的仁礼中庸之道成为中国人的金科玉律。相比之下,西方人士更重视哲理的逻辑性和实用性,老子以“ 道”解释宇宙万变之规律,以一分为二之辩证看世界。这种真知灼见对理性的西方精英思想当然不谋而合,殊道同归,产生共鸣了。而作为文化的传播使者,那些介乎于中西文化的媒介人士,也许也会根据以往中西文化差异的供求以及适用关系,作出不同的翻译传播选择。据统计,《道德经》所译语言仅次于《圣经》的译本,这就足以证明世界各民族的欣赏方向和需求,也体现了老子哲学思想对世界的影响和贡献。
了解老子影响海外的历史,现状对我们传播优秀的中华文化颇具启发性。对此,我在给洋学生们讲授和介绍中华文化精品的过程中体会很深。首先,我们要对自己文化的精髓与糟粕所在要作深入的研究,学习和了解,有丰富的知识,去伪存真,去粗取精,才能有效准确地传导。如果我们自己都没读过《道德经》,怎能给洋学生讲清楚老子的“道”是怎么回事,老子的思想精髓在哪里呢? 如果我们能告诉学生,我们所喜欢选用的名言“千里之行,始于足下”“自知之明”都是出自《道德经》的名言的话,或者将常用的成语与其历史渊源故事联系起来,那才有说服力呢!再者,我们有必要明确海外欣赏中华文化的方向 。因为不同的文化差异决定了不同的需求和不同的欣赏角度。传播对象群体不同,选材也就不同。你们圣经上帝造世,我们盘古开天地。共同的话题才容易产生共鸣,异同的比较才能激发探索的兴趣。同时,我们还要做大量的分析解释工作,排除中外文化差异的障碍,才能使洋学生更容易理解和接受我们所传授的东西。其实,无论老子还是孔孟乃至中华民族上下五千年文明史,文化精粹,人物与事件,思想和教派等等都各有特色,要让世人能够明白其中之奥妙,我们确实要费不少功夫。中国人要与世人分享的好东西多着呢,要在世人面前如数家珍,全盘拓现 ,我们每个中国人责无旁贷,任重道远。
Take Advantages from the Internet
The other day in Face Book, a UK young guy expressed his curiosity about my activities in face book . He said , “ I didn’t know people of your age used face book ?! ” Well , I told him it was quite natural to think it is unusual for people of my age ( I might be much older than what he imagined ) to use face book , but that means I am really having a motivate , active ,younger , modern and updated mind.
I remember one day in the early 1970s, when I was a young worker of a melting factory in P.R.China, a friend of mine showed me a big calculator which can only deal with some “ complicated ” problems like the “√ ” . I was so shocked about that . I did wonder that in this world there was such a miracle invention ! My friend told me secretly that it had been made by a military factory his brother was working in . That was my young age ! And also when I began to learn English during the 1970s. I even dreamt of having a machine which may show me all definitions of a word I am looking up to avoid me from holding those heavy dictionaries. Those are computers we are using today . My dreams have come true now.
The great invention of computer and internet is really a fantastic revolution of human beings. The world has changed a lot since this invention . Computer networks are quite advanced and popular nowadays. Chinese people are also taking advantage from computers and the internet . Billions of people in China are using internet , and among them , young people can get most of the advantages because of their young , active acceptance and smart intelligence . Most young kids have become experts in this field. Once when I asked questions to one of my old students who had graduated for years, he shook his head and said : “ Hey, Mr. Pan , you have already fallen behind . ” What a shame ! I don’t want to fall behind. Why don’t I pick up this useful tool and take advantage from it ?
No advance is to fall behind; Falling behind means being defeated .To be updated , we have to learn , learn and learn again. Never too old to learn. My 85- year- old mother has an old friend who is 88 years old . He is always sending me emails with attached powerpoint documents compiled by himself, and he is quite updated to transfer lots of newer and useful information to me. He is a very good example to us .
Thanks for the computer skills, I can get used to my immigration life here in the U.S.A. . I use internet to check out useful information , deal with many daily activities and chat with friends all over the world. With the help of one of my student Xiao Luo ( Rob Rohan) here , we have built up this Chinese communicative website which is such a wonderful stage for us to present the glorious Chinese cultures and language and share our opinions and experience in teaching and learning Chinese. We are now setting up many friendly links to different websites, like Face Book and Linkedin etc. to let all participators take more advantages from this resource . We can still do more , can’t we ?
对美国中文教学的一些看法和探索
中国的崛起势必令海外的中文热加温,这已经成为了不争的事实。然而,如何在这热潮中展开实实在在的教学,确实值得从事中文教学人士的探索和考究。根据近年在美国加州的教学探研经验,我想在此提出以下的一些看法仅供大家参考:
首先,如何激励美国人学中文的动力非常重要,因为众所周知,学外语真的很难,没有强大的动力和毅力驱动根本无从谈起。咱们中国人因穷而思变,前赴后继拼了老命去啃英语背英文。而 美国的人们多年来坐享着超级大国的富贵悠闲,哪用费煞那苦心呢? 就算真的要学外语,西班牙语更贴近美国生活的人群;其他拉丁语系的语种更容易接受和理解。而土生土长的美国华人子弟也并不那么热衷中文,他们中一些人的父母往往因为当年脱离苦难,巴不得让孩子迅速漂白成 Americanized . 叫他学中文象走回头路似的。
要突破这些现实的尴尬有何良策呢? 我对美国朋友和学生们讲,面对竞争,任何社会都在变化着,不进则退。美国正面对着来自中国以及众多发展中国家的竞争和挑战,如果不学会与人沟通,互相尊重理解,就会因被动而没落。其实美国政府自伊战后,也开始意识到这个问题的严峻性,迅速把中文定位为Critical Languages。普通美国老百姓也无法回避来自Made in China 的冲击,美国社会的发展有赖于济济的中国人才物财。你们现在和将来的工作和生活环境都不可避免地在和中国联系起来,意识到这一点,想到中国做生意、旅游、娶老婆领养儿女;想和中国人打交道,学中医、学功夫、学中文就来神了!有一点,很多美国人甚至我们相当一部分中国人只是肤浅地看到中国近年经济崛起的一些表面因素,而没有意识到博大精深的中华文化才是中国人民勤劳智慧和欲立于世界民族之林雄心的真正底蕴。学中文的价值正在于此 。至于部分华人试图以去中文来忘却过去,一方面犯了把苛政与中华优秀文化相提并论数典忘祖的逻辑错误,另一方面,更因为没有与时俱进而失去了作为中国人的优势和机遇,落后于时代。
第二, 海外的中文教学宛如一盘散沙,缺乏标准的权威,规范的指导和管理。既没有权威的教材,也没有与之相匹配的教学队伍。在美国,繁简并存,注音拼音自由发挥;普通话、台湾国语,广东话都是中国话,也难怪美人们摸不着头脑; 教学山头林立,各自为政。许多所谓的中文学校成为华人子弟课外活动的托管班,挂羊头卖狗肉,名不副实。 一方面,虽然美国的教育体制较为完善,却没有因应中文特殊形势而制定的特别师资和行业准入培训制度。没能发挥华人中教学人才的作用。另一方面,有人想指望从中国大陆空降能适应美国教学的中文教师那样的想法显然是不切实际的。此外,事实上中国两岸政府对海外中文教学的能耐也极其有限。孔子学院徒有虚名,成立多年也无法培养出几个可以在美国本土教中文的教师,无法协调各方面的师资力量,更谈不上为传播中华文化做多少贡献了。如此现状显得目前美国的中文教学发展有点畸形,不那么健康。
当前,除了两岸中国政府可以发挥宏观支持的作用外,各方有识之士应当整合优化松散的力量,组织相应越来越强有力的教学协会,选用较为规范的教材和界定教学内容和标准。逐步形成能在美国教育界具备权威角色的实体,这样才有利于汉语教学的健康发展。
第三, 中文教学和所有的语言教育一样,都要顺应语言规律 ,从语音,词汇 ,语法循序渐进地开展。学中文当然应当从汉语拼音或者注音开始,如果一开始便学写汉字,没有发音作为记忆的依据,学习就无以为继 ,至少也是事倍功半的。学外语的人特别是成年人一定会受母语的干扰,当然受干扰的强弱因人而异。汉语四声对许多美国人来说简直成了不可逾越的天然屏障。真要他们感知四声的正确音频定位,确实要费相当的力气。现在许多海外汉语教材对语音的渐进设计不足,如果课堂练习不够而急于求成过早进入文字学习的话,学生离开教师的指导便无所适从了。由于国家学外语的氛围不足,大多数美国人只能处于基础汉语的学习水平。所以现阶段汉语教学定位和计划都应当以打基础,特别是语音训练为重点。同时,无论语音还是语法,凡是两种文化有分歧的地方,通常都是教学的难点。因此,教学过程中,应该不断地进行语言的对比和分析,还要深入浅出,循循善诱,因材施教。
第四,不一定每一个中国人都会教中文,不一定每个会教中文 的人都会英语。中文教学成功有赖于游刃于双语,或者精通于双语的人才,这样的人才难得也!本人曾见识过某“国际汉语教学研讨会”,那里不乏只会炫耀受美国教育成果,对汉语教学认知寥寥,本末倒置的假洋鬼子。也有一大帮热热闹闹熙熙攘攘来自各中文学校既教中文又负责照看甚至接送孩子的老师。目前,在美国教中文的中国人很多,美国人却凤毛麟角。教者的中英文程度以及双语置换和教学能力参差不齐,良莠不齐,教学效果当然千奇百异了。本着对中华民族以及世界人民负责的态度,各位荣登国际汉语讲台的人士确实需要付出极大的努力,磨练出双语的利刃来,才不至于误洋子弟嘛。
海外中文教学事业方兴未艾,美国的中文也会越也来越热。我们每一个中文教师都有责任为实施这项意义重大的工程出谋献策,添砖加瓦。相信通过大家的努力,团结和开拓。中文教学的星星之火势必燎原,从而实现我们对世界和平的贡献。
English Teaching in China
As I know, English has been taught in Chinese schools since the early 20th century. Most of those teachers were missionaries from Great Britain and the U.S.A.. My father who used to be a university professor of English began to be interested in English by the inspiration of an American priest who was propagating Christian mission in his village. He loved English so much, kept learning English and graduated in English department of Zhejiang University in 1947, when few Chinese people obtained such education. Latter, many Chinese scholars like my father , even me , have been contributing their whole lives to the career of teaching English by translating English teaching theories and methods and training Chinese students in a bilingual way , which makes them more easily to learn.
But if you need to grasp a purer foreign language , you should learn from those who are well educated native language speakers. In fact, it is apparently far from satisfaction for most of the Chinese teachers of English who have been learning English from books not from the true life. Then from the early 1980s, as the carrying out of the Chinese open-door policy , more and more native English teachers taught English in China. At that time , English teachers were so needed that even an English speaking house wife could stand in front of a Chinese class to just simply tell something about her native culture and folks. They did not even need to speak a single Chinese. However, I had a better chance to learn from some American professors in the education college.
Now , things have changed a lot , those who are allowed to teach English in Chinese school should , of course , be well educated in English language with proper degrees and credentials ( but not necessary to speak a single Chinese word ). At the same time , more and more Chinese teachers of English have chances to go abroad to study English. It is true that as the increase of communication , Chinese people have much better chances to learn much better English.
关于“繁简争”之我见
近年, 中国大陆经济突飞猛进令世人刮目相看。 中国与世界交往越频繁, 对世界的影响就越大。同时,为求生存,求发展而奔向天涯海角的千万中国大陆移民所带来的中国大陆文化也给海外文化增添了不少多元的色彩。这样一来,“本是同根生”的繁体中文和简体中文之间因使用群体结构发生变化, 引起了不少的争议。我认为,作为记录语言的工具,文字只不过是一种唯人所用的不断变化的载体罢了。无论繁简,汉字的生存和发展都取决于未来使用汉语不同群体的中国人。
一方面,历经5000年沧桑,作为传统的汉字,从表形到表意,从甲骨文到楷行书, 繁体字体现了千秋灿烂的中华文化,凝聚了世代中国人民的勤劳智慧。其寓意深邃,功能丰富;其形构严密, 极具美感。繁体字在港澳台及海外地区保留和沿用印证了它所具有非凡的生命力。 然而, 繁体字笔划繁多,难记,难写,广大的劳苦大众难以掌握,我们的前辈丁字不识者比比皆是。加上旧时代没有先进的文字处理设备,编排查检当然事倍功半。
另一方面, 近代五四新文化运动唤起一浪一浪的文字革命,为千百万工农所用的简化汉字也成了另一种历史之必然。中国共产党执政以规范的简化汉字不但一扫全国百分之八九十的文盲, 而且为促成汉字的拼音国际化作出了积极的革命性的贡献。过去五十多年,中国大陆的汉语工作者为实现中华民族统一的语言呕心沥血, 培育出良好规范的语言环境,同样弘扬了中华民族的伟大文化。 不过,由于汉字简化牵涉到非常多方面的问题,引发出许多不规范的用法。同时与之相配合的汉语拼音方案也有许多缺陷,造成普及的困难。
无论如何,繁简里两体字在海内外十几亿中国人中并存并用,成为近代中华文化的一大特色。现在如果把中文作为一门外语工具来学的话, 当然要看学习的目的来取舍繁简体了。如果你要和中国大陆的人沟通, 你要学简化字;如果你要和港澳台及部分海外人士打交道, 那么你就得学繁体字了。我个人认为尽管白菜萝卜各有所爱,不同群体不同选择,为何不能把繁简汉字都视为咱们中华民族共同的财富,互相学习,互相理解呢?把繁简之争引申为政治斗争如同室操戈,兄弟阋墙,相煎何太急!至于繁简两体何去何从,让未来创造历史的中国人民去决定吧。
Chinese Medicine Is Another Profoundity
I am very delighted to welcome Ms. Tomodachi who is studying at Five Branches Chinese Medicine Institute here in Santa Cruz, California . Yes nowadays , learning 针灸,气功 and 太极拳 is very popular here in the U.S.A. People will realize that Chinese Medicine theory is another profoundity. Just imagine how generations of Chinese doctors have been tasting all kinds of plants and grass , experiencing various of symtoms in 5000 years and summing up such great medical theory ! Isn't it weathy to learn ?
But if you would like to enter this profound garden , you need the key , which is the language itself. So I strongly recommend that those are interested in Chinese medicine should seriously study Chinese language for their exploration .
Invest Small Business in China
Today China has become the largest manufacturing base in the world because of her huge labor resources and intelligent working forces. Most of the products displaying on the shelves of the American shopping malls show the production location sign with Made in China , which exactly means the products themselves were manufactured in China. You can then imagine how many businesses have been involving this global economy process. These years many economic giants like Walt Mart , Nike, etc. have set up their regular business bases in China. Even though the main supplying markets have been occupied by those giants , small business also have chances by exploring the huge labor markets in China.
Before I came to the U.S.A. many of my friends who were owners of those small Chinese private enterprises asked me the same questions :” Can you try to find some business channels for us in the U.S.A .? ” Everybody is eager to explore business abroad because for one hand, in China, industries of all fields have been growing up in the last decades , many people would like to establish their own businesses. For those who have some technology or a little bit money , they usually like to set up a factory processing products for others, for those who have no special skills , they would probably chose to run a trade company and be an agent between other enterprises. So, you can see thousands of small factories located in some humble manufacturing worksites near the cities and various of little stores lined along the streets . Competition is apparently painful . People would turn outward the market abroad to look for more chances. On the contrary , this will give the overseas businessmen more attractions and choices.
On the other hand, because of lacking of legal or credit guarantee , enterprises used to meet serious credit problems in doing domestic businesses . The so called “Triangle Debt” problems which had been forming a vicious cycle embarrassed entrepreneurs in many businesses especially the smaller ones. While doing the abroad businesses would be more possible for them to receive their profits than doing the domestic businesses . Comparatively most of the foreign businesses are more trustable with their better regulations and reputations. So many small Chinese enterprises are long for getting the foreign orders ,which naturally stimulates the exports of the country .
Nowadays , more and more foreign investments and businesses pour into China, bringing with more and more advanced administrative regulations such as certifications , inspections and monitorings . Factories involved the production of their orders should not only provide their prices but also evaluations of their working ,environment and legal conditions. At the same time, many Chinese enterprises have grasped more and more advanced production administrative skills and formed their series regular foreign trade procedures from quotations to shipments , which eventually strengthens these enterprises themselves. They have become the good examples for thousands of small enterprises, which have been executing irregular ways , to change their demoded ideas and business administrations .
One day , a friend of mine asked me :” As the prices of administration , the salaries of the labor and the general costs of the productions rise, will it possible for those foreign investments and businesses to quit ? ¡± I said ¡° Yes. But no matter how , China has the largest labor resources than any other countries , which stands for an unquestionable advantage . And only regular , stable , well trained , technical , experienced working forces can guarantee the tractility of the business. What do you think, then ?”
Learning Foriegn Language Needs Persistent Hard Work
It is quite common for most foreign language adult learners to decrease their enthusiasm after they have just begun a little bit. Don't they like the language any more ? No . They do like it but not like the hard core work itself . But everybody knows the true factor that one cannot grasp a skill without any persistent hard work . That is always contradictory .You know , excuses are easy to find. ” I have groups of kids to take care of ” , ” I am too tired to study Chinese once every week. ” ” My husband often laughs at my Chinese. ” ” Chinese is too difficult to learn.” etc.
Yes, it is easy to admire ,to like or to dream of , but it is really difficult to grasp a skill. That is why there are always so many beginners. Though , we cannot expect to get hold of the skill with just a short time, or we may look for shortcuts or learning methods as many as possible to reach our goal, we cannot avoid persistent hard work which is really depended on our strong motivations and personal nature. We should clarify this before our further study.